The update examines 50 studies (35 of which are new) representing 12,430 participants. Researchers found e-cigarettes had a moderate edge over NRT in some studies, but many findings were imprecise. That means unlike the smaller, original review, the update found insufficient evidence to conclude that e-cigarettes are significantly better for quitting than other methods like NRT and behavioral support. Added to that, e-cigarettes are not without concerns. Because they’ve only been on the market a relatively short time, their long-term effects aren’t yet known. But there are indications of lung injuries and heart issues related to e-cig usage.
Recent Findings
In the research review, researchers looked at people who stopped smoking for at least six months, and while e-cigs did seem to have an advantage, it wasn’t considerable, according to study co-author Jamie Hartmann-Boyce, PhD, Director of Evidence-Based Healthcare at the University of Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. For every 100 people using e-cigs to stop smoking, 10 were able to do so successfully, compared to six out of 100 for NRT. Cold turkey had the lowest efficacy, but still worked for some, with four out of 100 able to quit for at least six months. What’s uncertain is the prevalence of unwanted effects that come with e-cigarettes, says Hartmann-Boyce. She notes that these can include:
Throat or mouth irritationHeadachePersistent coughFeeling sick
“Nicotine e-cigarettes probably do help people to stop smoking for at least six months,” she says. “However, we need more, reliable evidence to be confident about the effects of e-cigarettes, particularly the effects of newer types of e-cigarettes that have better nicotine delivery.”
Vaping Health Risks
More research needs to be done on vaping, but what has come out in the last couple of years is not pointing toward vaping as a safe alternative. As of February 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have confirmed 68 lung injury deaths related to vaping. While e-cigarettes do contain fewer toxic chemicals than regular tobacco cigarettes, they still contain nicotine, which has been linked to lung and heart issues. In a major study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine assessing the health and smoking habits of over 700,000 participants, e-cigarette use was associated with 75% higher odds of:
Chronic bronchitisEmphysemaChronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Issues with Quitting
Not everyone who vapes is doing so as a way to refrain from smoking, and some choose to use both e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes regularly. Also, for some, vaping might be a first step toward smoking addiction instead of away from it. A research letter in JAMA looking at the prevalence of e-cigarette use among U.S. adults between 2014 to 2018 found significant increases in usage among young adults, including among those who had never smoked. “Perhaps the biggest concern with vaping is the so-called gateway effect,” says Michael Blaha, MD, a professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins. “Our literature suggests that two million young adults use electronic cigarettes as their first nicotine-based product. They’re not trying to quit smoking.” Nicotine in any form is highly addictive, he adds. By encouraging vaping use instead of smoking, Blaha believes we might be facing “the next smoking epidemic” that starts with vaping addiction. That could get more complicated by the perception of e-cigs as safe, says Leah Guttman, PsyD, New York City-based clinical psychologist, and founder of Washington Square Therapy, which specializes in emotional wellbeing for young adults. “Many people believe e-cigarettes don’t carry health risks at all,” she says. “They may also think it’s not addictive. That makes it much harder to quit, especially if you’ve also transitioned to traditional cigarettes.”
