Apparent Distance Theory
According to this possible explanation for the moon illusion, depth perception plays an important role in how we see the moon at the horizon versus high in the sky. This theory is centered on the idea that when you view the moon at the horizon, you are seeing it in the presence of depth cues such as trees, mountains, and other scenery. When the moon has moved higher into the sky, those depth cues disappear. Because of this, the apparent distance theory suggests, we tend to see the moon as further away on the horizon than we see it when it elevated in the sky. Researchers have found evidence supporting the apparent distance explanation. In one experiment, participants perceived the moon as farther away and 1.3 times larger when it was viewed over natural terrain. Experimenters then masked off the terrain by having participants view the moon through a hole in a piece of cardboard, which caused the moon illusion to vanish.
Angular Size-Contrast Theory
This explanation focuses instead on the visual angle of the moon in comparison to surrounding objects. When the moon is on the horizon and surrounded by smaller objects, it appears larger.
Factors That Influence the Illusion
While these are just two of the most prominent theories, there have been many different explanations proposed over the years and no true consensus exists. Part of the reason is that there are a number of factors that appear to influence the occurrence of this optical phenomenon, including:
Color: When the moon appears red (due to smoke or dust in the air), it appears larger. Those who live in rural areas may notice this effect during harvest season when the horizon is often clouded with dust and other particulates.Atmospheric Perspective: When it is hazy or smoky outside, the moon appears larger on the horizon. After a forest fire or on a day when it seems particularly smoggy, you might notice that the moon illusion seems more pronounced.Visual Factors: Convergence of the eyes when viewing things on the horizon also causes objects to appear larger.
As with other visual phenomena, it is possible that no single variable can adequately explain the moon illusion. Instead, it is possible that many different factors might play a role.
