Shared Features
Both GAD and SAD are characterized by persistent anxiety that is excessive or disproportionate to an actual threat. The meaning of “threat,” however, differs between the two. People with SAD sometimes experience physical symptoms associated with their anxiety, as do those with GAD. Biased thinking—in many cases catastrophizing (imagining worst-case scenarios)—is central to both types of anxiety disorders as well.
Differences
Though the types of thought traps can be similar, it is the thought content that distinguishes GAD from SAD. People with GAD tend to worry about a range of topics. Worries may be about major life issues—such as health or finances—but they are also about many minor, day-to-day stresses that others would tend not to perceive as intensely. Social worries are not uncommon in those with GAD. However, their focus tends to be about ongoing relationships rather than on fear of evaluation. For example, a person with GAD may worry uncontrollably about the implications of a fight with their girlfriend. A mother with GAD may be overly concerned with whether or not she made the right decision to have her child switch schools. People with social anxiety disorder, on the other hand, tend to worry about meeting new people, being observed, and performing in front of others (for example, speaking up in class or playing an instrument in a band). Their thought content typically centers on negative evaluation and possibly rejection. For example, a person with social anxiety disorder may have difficulty starting a conversation at a work happy hour for fear that they will appear anxious, say “something stupid,” and be ridiculed by their colleagues. A person with social anxiety disorder may avoid dating altogether because of anxiety about feeling humiliated or embarrassed on a date. A common thread here, again, is a pathological degree of worry that is impacting the individual’s ability to develop or maintain relationships, fulfill basic obligations, and meet their personal and professional potential. Given that the other components of the anxiety cycle—emotions and thoughts—overlap, it follows that the behavioral differences between GAD and social anxiety disorder are subtle. Both conditions are characterized by a high degree of avoidance, but the reason underlying the avoidance is likely to be different. Let’s say that a person calls in sick on the day of a presentation at work. If this person has GAD, they might be avoiding the meeting out of fear that they have not put enough effort into preparing their talk and that they will never finish it in time. If this person has SAD, they might be avoiding the meeting out of concern that no one will like their ideas or that others might notice if they sweat while they talk.
Developmental Issues
The average age of onset is later for GAD than social anxiety disorder, age 31 for the former and age 13 for the latter. That said, those with GAD often have symptoms long before they seek treatment. The stressors of adolescence and early adulthood, when people are typically experiencing many social transitions (for example, schools, friendships, or romantic relationships), may exacerbate social anxiety symptoms. The responsibilities of adulthood (for example, finances, parenting, or career decisions) can amplify GAD symptoms. In older individuals, the content of worry and associated behaviors may change slightly. For example, older people with social anxiety disorder may experience anxiety and embarrassment about appearance or an impairment (for example, poor hearing or tremulous movements) that leads them to avoid or severely minimize social interactions. The presentation of GAD in older adults (the most common of the anxiety disorders in this age group) is typified by the expression of physical symptoms more readily than psychological symptoms. Later in life, people with GAD are more apt to experience uncontrollable worry about the health of family members or their own well-being.
Co-Occurring Conditions
It is not uncommon for individuals with GAD to meet criteria for another psychiatric diagnosis in the course of their lifetime, or even simultaneously. The most commonly co-occurring problem is depression. However, a substantial subset of people experience co-occurring GAD and social anxiety disorder. GAD and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also commonly occur together. Fortunately, the treatments for GAD and social anxiety disorder also overlap. Many medications are helpful for both problems. Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy is the first-line psychotherapy for these conditions. This type of treatment helps the individual to address biases in thinking and to eliminate as much avoidant behavior as possible.
A Word From Verywell
While GAD and SAD share the symptom of anxiety, they differ in the thought content associated with that anxiety as well as the reasons underlying behaviors caused by the disorder. Both conditions can significantly reduce quality of life, and it’s important for people with these conditions to seek treatment. Psychotherapy and medications can reduce uncomfortable symptoms and allow people to live their lives as fully as possible.
